Body of Abstract: The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory is a Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility serving more than 5,500 scientists each year. Over the past 25 years, the APS, along with other x-ray light sources, have revolutionized many scientific disciplines, including biology, medicine, material engineering, and environmental science, among others. Currently the APS is undergoing a generational upgrade, scheduled to be completed in 2024. The redesigned electron storage ring will deliver beams to 500 brighter than today. The new source, coupled with the development of new beamlines, will offer transformative opportunities for biological and environmental science. Multimodal measurements will be adopted utilizing several x-ray techniques: macromolecular crystallography, x-ray fluorescence microscopy, tomography, absorption spectroscopy, and small/wide angle x-ray scattering. Such approaches will enable detailed visualization of biological and environmental samples at scales ranging from Angstroms to centimeters. With the x-ray source's high brightness, investigation of dynamics of biological processes on timescales from picoseconds to seconds will be finally achievable. The extraordinary spatial resolution across a large field of view combined with high-throughput and multidimensional data collection will provide exceptional statistical analysis of complex biological and environmental systems, allowing to address their enormous heterogeneity. The APS can address questions related to lignocellulosic biomass synthesis, organization and conversion, cellular trace metals homeostasis, properties of engineered enzymes aiding synthetic biology, transformations of carbon and other nutrients, water movement in soil, plant cell structure, rhizosphere, and many others.